Finding How to Write Research Outline

Finding How to Write Research Outline The Ideal Approach for How to Write Research Outline Writing an excellent research paper is a massive deal and you deserve to feel proud for work well done. It is very important to frame the research question when writing the proposal. Sometimes authors, generally, write for publication. Writing a research paper outline is a powerful way of ensuring suitable organization of your ideas and ideas in the finished paper. To make fruitful assistance people have to speak about things with one another. Research paper is quite a challenging job to finish but observing a crystal clear and appropriate structure will allow you to avoid all potential mistakes and will teach you the way to gather and analyze data in an easy and quick way. There are a lot of ways to produce an outline and it is reasonable try out various versions to determine what works for you. In the event of a lengthier project, it's challenging to imagine a successful writing proc ess with no obstacles in the event the outline is missing. Complete a quick purchase form, pick a payment option and you will receive your custom written outline immediately! An outline is a good aid whenever you are attempting to amalgamate and assess the research paper, as it lets you see certain links between different locations, whilst making sure you don't repeat yourself. It will help you organize your thoughts before you dig into the writing process. A well-written outline is also aimed toward making navigation via your work simpler. The Hidden Facts on How to Write Research Outline To understand the text is to realize the most important character. Whenever your outline utilizes complete sentences, ensure that first letters of all very first words are capitalized. Bear in mind that it has to be useful info, that should be expressed in 150-250 words. It is preferable to use whole sentence outline structure, in the event your paper ought to be formatted in MLA. How t o Write Research Outline Fundamentals Explained It's only feasible to create an outline in case you have familiarity with the subject. It's also logical to compose a more comprehensive outline for yourself even in the event the requirements are different. The Ultimate Approach for How to Write Research Outline You might also see speech outline. Crafting a great research essay outline is very important for the reason that it performs two significant functions. An outline is often regarded as an extra portion of the lengthened academic paper some type of appendix but placed at the start of thesis, dissertation, research paper, etc.. Developing a fantastic outline is vital in an additional composing of your research paper. How to Choose How to Write Research Outline Research Paper preparation means handling a great amount of information. It is not a task for one day. An individual should realize that every Research Paper is a sophisticated writing because it must contain di stinctive research and distinctive idea. Writing a research paper is as crucial as performing the true research or experiment itself and can seem to be an extremely daunting endeavor. If you don't possess the slightest clue on the best way to compose a research paper outline, it's time you got some ideas. The initial outline lets you structure your ideas and establish how you're going to lay out the paper. You could also state which type of approach it is you will use in your paper for the full discussion of your topic. Maximizing your research outline's purpose is able to help you compose a comprehensive paper. How to Write Research Outline Can Be Fun for Everyone Keep in mind, even the most seasoned academic veterans have been required to learn to compose a research paper at some time in their career. In the event the research question isn't specific and has quite a general literature review, then your proposal might appear insignificant. Writing College research papers College courses demand several different kinds of writing that employ various strategies for various audiences. Also writing a suitable research paper outline isn't a cakewalk for each and every student. An outline is essential for all sorts of research papers. For research papers, it may help you keep track of large amounts of information. A well-made outline is critical in locating considerable info and keeping track of considerable amounts of information from a research paper. Find extra samples to help you learn how to compose a research paper outline that's impressive at explorable.com. The outline should present three or more main points. A topic outline functions as a quick summary of the topics included in your paper. The more points you would like to include, the more intricate outline you'll ever have. Outlines for various topics will differ, but the primary points and structure will continue being similar. In order to give a flawless outline, you may use an o utline example available online. How to make an APA research paper outline If you must write utilizing the APA format, you should adhere to the general rules of making the outline. Besides a report outline and a presentation outline, a research paper outline is among the most typical types of outlines you're very likely to encounter in any particular field. By studying various outline samples, you're guaranteed to come up with the ideal research paper outline in virtually no time.

The Death Penalty in Decline Essay - 716 Words

The Death Penalty in Decline The United States adopted the capital punishment from England for more than three centuries ago. Not only had the punishment been adopted but also the methods of execution. Throughout centuries, the people of the United States became more aware of how the criminal justice system functions and varies from one state to another. Some states used to execute people who commit minor offenses, such as stealing fruits. Maybe people would disagree with me, but I believe that the death penalty helped in preventing criminals from committing certain capital crimes. Even though the U.S. Supreme Court abolished the death penalty for mentally handicapped and juvenile, the amount of executions seems hard to be stabilized.†¦show more content†¦Nationwide, based on the Death Penalty Information Center Database, five hundred fifty-nine people were executed between 1981 and 1999 (1). Equally important, the number is declining in some states. Probably because the Uni ted States Supreme Court abolished the possibility of sentencing juveniles and mentally handicapped to death. Instead, the Supreme Court gave the jury permission to use the punishment of life in prison as an alternative. For this reason, In Texas, the number of death sentences imposed each year dropped by about 50 percent after jurors were given the life-without –parole option in 2005, a trend that has been mirrored throughout the United States (Gaines and Miller 277). Despite the dropping of rate of executions, not all states seem to be benefiting from it. Indeed, the decision was made in 2005 the same year in which four executions took place in the State of Ohio. So based on the DPIC database, five people were executed in 2006, five executions in 2009, and eight during 2010 (1). On the state level, these numbers show that although the United States Supreme Court cancelled the death row for juvenile and mentally handicapped, the number of executions seems hard to be stabilized at lower rates. Although the list of crimes that are punishable by death used to include minor offenses which possibly raised the number of executions on the nationalShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment During The Colonial Era1165 Words   |  5 PagesBritain was the biggest influence on America when it came to utilizing the death penalty. The death penalty was used for minor offenses such as stealing, killing animals, and trading with Indians. As the late 1700s approached, a movement towards abolishing the death penalty began. Beccaria wrote an essay in 1767 called â€Å"Crimes and Punishment,† that had a significant impact on the world’s opinion towards the death penalty (Bohm,1999). Beccaria suggested that there was no justification for the governmentRead MorePros And Cons Of Abolish The Death Penalty1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty, it has been the argument of ethics and politics, yet there has never been an agreement on whether to abolish it or not. It has been part of the US history as well as the world history; its practice was show through cruel actions and has become the current lethal injection. It is the debate that never ends and will never end. In this debate called â€Å"Abolish the death penalty†, Diann Rust- Tierney and Barry Scheck argue for the abolishment of the death penalty, while Robert BleckerRead MoreCessation of Life: Who are we to choose?- A look into the Death Penalty686 Words   |  3 Pagess eems to be an eye for an eye. And most of the time those victims look to our court systems to provide that justice. But is death the answer? I believe that with human fallibility and the fallibility of our court system as variables, that a sentence that cannot be overturned should not be passed down in any case, especially when that sentence is as irreversible as death. In an editorial from USA Today found on deathpenaltyinfo.org, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is quoted as saying, â€Å"If statisticsRead MoreCapital Punishment : The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagestwentieth century, capital punishment is in decline. Once a near universal practice, the death penalty has been abolished in 101 countries, as of July 2015(Amnesty International, 2015) and executions have become less common amongst industrialised democracies. Some nations keep capital statutes for instances of exceptional crimes such as treason, but parts of the former Soviet Union, Japan and the United S tates of America (USA) still administer death sentences for ‘ordinary’ crimes of violence. Read MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Eliminated1342 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment should be eliminated in America The European influence on America gave way to the similarities between our cultures, including the death penalty. The first recorded execution in America was that of Captain Kendall in Virginia in 1608. Kendall was executed for being a spy, but at that the time capital punishment was used even for minor crimes. Fast forward 150 years to the Abolitionist Movement and we see Cesare Beccaria post an essay in 1767 declaring the state has no right toRead MoreSabrina Buie : A Girl s Father927 Words   |  4 Pagesneck (Katz). Sabrina’s autopsy revealed that she had been raped, suffocated and left to dead in the field. From a report of a missing child, the investigation began as a capital murder case. Everybody in the town was shocked upon hearing of Sabrina’s death. Upon the investigation, police found out about two suspicious local teenagers that were mentioned by a local high school student. They were half-brothers, Henry Lee McCollum, 19, and Leon Brown, 15, who had just moved to North Carolina from NewRead MoreThe Debate On The Death Penalty1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate on the death penalty has been the ongoing question for generations. There are plenty of different sides to take on this issue. You have the side where some people think that putting prisoners to death is inhumane and that no matter what they did putting a human to death is wrong. While others may think that if the crime is extreme enough that the prisoner who committed this crime should pay for it with their own life. Throughout history there have been several instances where prisonersRead MoreIn Recent Years, The Death Penalty Has Been A Controversial1750 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, the death penalty has been a controversial topic when it comes to sentenc ing criminals that have committed serious crimes. Some believe that the death penalty is absolutely necessary and serves proper justice to those who commit unthinkable acts of violence. Advocates also believe that the whole argument is a matter of faith not fact and the death penalty, â€Å"honors human dignity by treating the defendant as a free individual able to control their own destiny for good or for worseRead MoreShould The Nfl Be Stricter Rules?930 Words   |  4 Pagesof violent on-field collisions and concussions. This evidence shows that multiple blows to the head have caused CTE in former NFL players that have played a role in their deaths. CTE is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma (â€Å"What is CTE?†). How many more deaths are going to happen to former players before the NFL make the current rules stricter? The NFL can make the current players safer for their futures outside of football. Th eRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Ultimate Punishment882 Words   |  4 PagesLlamas Curtis Becker Comp 1 03 October 2017 The death penalty The death penalty is the ultimate punishment. There is no harsher punishment than death itself. This nation, the United States of America, is currently one of fifty-eight nations that practice the death penalty, if one commits first-degree murder as of 2012. People that believe in the death penalty also believe that it will deter murders. In this paper I will argue that the death penalty does not deter criminals and that this nation should

Great Gatsby (660 words) Essay Example For Students

Great Gatsby (660 words) Essay Great GatsbyScott Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby, is based on the dreams of a mannamed Jay Gatsby. Throughout the novel, it is suggested to the reader thatGatsby is a symbol for America. He represents the possibilities of life on alevel at which the material and the spiritual have been confused (Bewley 11). Gatsbys dreams, lifestyle and sense of morality represent an American vision oflife at which the reality ends and an illusion begins. First, to be an Americanmeans to have dreams. Gatsby is a dreamer, just like may Americans. All hisdreams are based on one factor, Daisy Buchanan. Most Americans, achieve theirgoal only we they are free. Anthony Burgess suggests that Freedom isslavery. When Gatsby realizes that he has lost her, his freedom to desireher makes him a slave to her. Since Gatsby is truly ambitious, he wont stopuntil he gets the girl. To most Americans that is part of theirAmerican dream: to have a pretty girl. That is truly what Gatsby wants: to getthe pretty girl whos voice is full of money(Fitzgerald 127). Inorder for him to have a chance with Daisy, he needs to have money and the GreatAmerican lifestyle. Nonetheless, the first step in getting the girl is to havethe money. Gatsby luckily inherits money from a friend and joins the world ofbootlegging. He gets all this and takes it a step further into thedream that Daisy wanted when she was with him. Gatsbys new lifestyle includedmotorboats, aquaplanes, private beaches, Rolls Royces and water towers (Bewley16). In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths amongwhisperings and the champagne and stars (Fitzgerald 43). Not only wasGatsby very popular like most Americans want to be but he also had goodclothing. Daisy became very emotional when Nick writes He took out a pileof shirts and began throwing them one by one before us, shirts of sheer linenand thick silk and fine flannel which lost their folds as they fell and coveredthe table in many colored disarray (Fitzgerald 97). Most important, wemust ask ourselves if Gatsby, the American, has any kind of morality. Throughthe eyes of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, Gatsby would have no sense ofmorality. Kohlberg separated morality into three stages: preconventional,conventional, and post-conventional. Kohlberg would not believe that Gatsby has any morality because he is a man who only cared about getting money to have hisgirl. He did what he had to do but he did it illegally. Gatsby only really caredabout Daisy and he was willing to take the blame for Myrtles accident onlybecause it was the love of his life. Maybe Kohlberg would agree that he doeshave some kind of conventional morality since his reasoning is based on theexpectations of others for him to do the right thing. As well as with many otherAmericans. Not many Americans reach the stage where they stand up for their ownethics and human rights. Beyond that, readers must also see if Gatsbys AmericanDream was worthwhile. Even though he did get the money and the lifestyle, henever did get the girl. Gatsby was not able to achieve his one true goal, and asa consequence, he was killed. This happens to most Americans. Their dreams arecrushed by others conspiring together (Fitzgerald 153). These otherpeoples ambitions are always bigger than the victim. In other cases the on eswho do reach their goals are criticized by others and either become snobs orbecome outcasts to the world. Who could actually live in such a horrible place?America is the place where dreams, lifestyles, and morals are only present in afew. Heartless people crush dreams, lifestyles are destroyed by green-eyedmonsters, and morals exist in only in those who dont have ambitions. Its whatCharles Darwin would call survival of the fittest, or only the strong survive. .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 , .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .postImageUrl , .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 , .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2:hover , .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2:visited , .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2:active { border:0!important; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2:active , .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2 .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1cef47802cb48f18d31939fa72d99ca2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patriotism Essay America, its a jungle out there. BibliographyBewley, Marius. Criticism of America. The University of theSouth, 1954. Burgess, Anthony. Is America Falling Apart?, The NewYork Times, 1971. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: ScribnerFiction, 1995.

UW-Stout College Essay free essay sample

It was the summer of 2008. I had just finished 6th grade. I was relaxing on the couch watching TV, when I overheard my mom talking with my aunt, who was visiting for the weekend. They are both into photography. They were talking about how they edit their photos and my aunt asks, â€Å"Did you use Photoshop or iPhoto?† I sat there—puzzled. I went up to them and asked, â€Å"What’s Photoshop?† My aunt, studying to get her graphic design degree, mentioned it is an application that allows you to edit your photos. Having my question answered, I went back upstairs. A few days later, the thought of Photoshop popped back in my head. I had to know more. What can it do? Where can I get it? I jumped on the computer and looked it up. As I typed the words into the search engine, my curiosity increased with every keystroke. We will write a custom essay sample on UW-Stout College Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Spending days, no, weeks, researching the fantastic product. Finally—I decided to buy it. For three years, I learned about the basics of photo editing. I was making abstract desktop backgrounds and basics things with the brush tool. I would run around and show people the things I have made because I was proud of my accomplishment. But I felt like it wasn’t enough. The summer before freshman year of high school, I finally saved up and purchased the full version of Photoshop. In the beginning, I learned how to make backgrounds for my computer and other basic things, but my skills grew quickly by spending time on YouTube, watching videos about Photoshop. After sophomore year, my concentration changed from desktop wallpapers and self-created images to photo-manipulations. That is where multiple images are combined to create a surrealistic space that may or may not be able to ever exist. Doing that allowed me to learn more about design and Photoshop. And by learning and sharing my art, I got recognized by people, which in turn, got me jobs to create designs for websites, and advertisements. That only made me want to be a Graphic Designer even more. Growing as an artist made me realize that art is something to be created not just for yourself, but for everyone. That being said, what I will bring to the campus is art, for everyone to see and enjoy, everyday.

How to Write Research Paper Fast [Guide]

How to Write Research Paper Fast [Guide] Research paper is considered as a long term assignment, when you have to spend a lot of time on research and then even more time to put the materials together and write a decent research paper. However, what if you dont have all that time? What if youve procrastinated too much, and the deadline is tomorrow but you have no ideas, no inspiration and no research materials for your paper. And you dont want to buy research paper online. Fortunately, there is a plan not only to write a research paper fast, but to do it with the kind of style that will nab you a fantastic grade. Here is a minute by minute guide that will lead you to a complete writing assignment withing 2 hours approx. 15 Minutes: Research Paper Thesis If you’re going to write a paper that works, you need a solid thesis. Remember, a thesis is the thing that explains what your whole paper is going to be about. For a research paper, you need to make an assertion in your thesis – that’s just a fancy way of saying that you’re going to prove something with your research. Don’t worry too much about whether the thing you say you’re going to prove is actually true. For now, just write a thesis that boldly shows what you think. If in the course of your research you find that you’re dead wrong, you just change a few words and no one is the wiser. Example: Cheese is the healthiest snack available, and eating it will make you stronger, smarter, and invincible. Revision: Broccolli is one of the most amazing snacks available, and eating it is proven to make you smarter, healthier, and more attractive to the opposite sex. 30 Minutes: Basic Research Okay, now you need some research to support your assertion that broccoli is truly amazing. You’ll need to do some Googling to make sure you get the kind of high-quality support that your teacher wants to see. In order to not waste your time with ads for Broccolli soup, you need to use a few important search rules that will save you time. For example, you could put in â€Å"Brocolli Health Benefits† into your search bar. This will help, but it may not always lead to the kind of high-quality, non-commercial lead you want. Instead, try adding the term â€Å"site:.edu†. Now, you’re getting that deep research that your professor really wants to see, plus you’re adding in lots of juicy proof for your main ideas. You can also choose site:.org for more great information. Time-Saving Hint: After your Google search, click on the page that you think is awesome. Then, scan the page until you find what you’re looking for that will prove a portion of your main assertion. Instead of writing down the information now, just copy the URL from your browser and paste it into a new window. Then, you can just go to your previous window and back out to see your awesome search results again. You can even save similar information in different search bar windows. 15 Minutes: Writing Paper Outline Now that you have your main research ideas organized into different search windows, you can go into your document program and create the rest of your outline around your main thesis. It should look something like this: I. Intro Paragraph A. Hook B. Transition C. Thesis Broccoli is one of the most amazing snacks available, and eating it is proven to make you smarter, healthier, and more attractive to the opposite sex. II. Body Paragraph A. Main Idea B. Proof from research C. Transition III. Body Paragraph (Repeat as needed) IV. Conclusion Paragraph A. Hook B. Transition C. Restate Thesis D. Clincher All you have to do now is fill in the blanks. Copy and paste your proof from research into as many paragraphs as you need to be able to complete your assignment. Then, jot down quick ideas about how you can transition from one idea to the next. Time-Saving Hint: Don’t worry about spending a lot of time on this, just get down a word or two so that you can get your thoughts in order. You’ll spend the bulk of your time actually writing down full sentences based on this rough framework. 30 Minutes: Writing Now, you have a good idea of what you’re going to say and how to say it. If you really did complete the outline, you can totally finish your whole paper in 30 minutes – as long as you type fast. Basically, you are going to complete the sentences and transitions that you created in your outline and then make sure that they make sense. Also, you are going to make sure that write a great Hook and Clincher. Hook: This is the first element of your research paper, and it should get your professor’s attention. This can be an interesting quote, a strange fact, or create a picture in the reader’s mind. Even for research papers, it’s okay to be interesting and fun with your hook. Clincher: This is the final line in your paper. It should also be interesting and provocative. It should give the reader the final impression you want them to take away from your research and look towards the future, based on your research. For example: In fact, broccoli is so incredible, it’s likely that research will continue to show it’s health and social benefits for years to come. Time-Saving Hint: Avoid spending time on editing and spelling mistakes. Right now, your job is to write for 30 minutes straight so that you can get all the ideas on paper. You can go back and fix mistakes later. 15 Minutes: Editing Now, you can fix all the mistakes you made during your mad dash to get the words out. But, you don’t want to waste time on minor mistakes if you’ve made a major one that needs more attention. Here’s how to do it fast so that your paper had the best chance of success: Go through your paper and ensure that each paragraph can be directly connected to your thesis statement. Make sure all the paragraphs flow. If they are in the wrong order, this is the time to change them. Include any citations that need to be added for your research by linking with footnotes inserting the URL (for now). Read the opening and closing paragraphs back to back. Do they sound similar? That’s a good thing. If they are exactly the same, that is a bad thing. Read your paper to yourself quickly (or have a friend do it). Note any grammar or spelling mistakes and fix them now. 15 Minutes: Citation and Essay Check You’ve almost finished. Now, you need to insert the correct citation page for all those amazing footnotes or citations you included in your paper. Go to Citation Machine and choose the style that your professor expects you to cite in. Follow the directions for the type of resources youre including and simply copy and paste the results into your paper! There you have it! An award-winning research paper in two hours. All it takes is a little planning, some good time-saving methods, and quick fingers, and you can save yourself a huge amount of time and hassle stressing over your writing.

The Battle of Ayn Jalut, 1260 - Mongols vs. Mamluks

The Battle of Ayn Jalut, 1260 - Mongols vs. Mamluks At times in Asian history, circumstances have conspired to bring seemingly unlikely combatants into conflict with one another. One example is the Battle of Talas River (751 A.D.), which pitted the armies of Tang China against the Abbasid Arabs in what is now Kyrgyzstan. Another is the Battle of Ayn Jalut, where in 1260 the seemingly unstoppable Mongol hordes ran up against the Mamluk warrior-slave army of Egypt. In This Corner: The Mongol Empire In 1206, the young Mongol leader Temujin was declared the ruler of all the Mongols; he took the name Genghis Khan (or Chinguz Khan). By the time he died in 1227, Genghis Khan controlled Central Asia from the Pacific coast of Siberia to the Caspian Sea in the west. After Genghis Khans death, his descendants divided the Empire into four separate khanates: the Mongolian homeland, ruled by Tolui Khan; the Empire of the Great Khan (later Yuan China), ruled by Ogedei Khan; the Ilkhanate Khanate of Central Asia and Persia, ruled by Chagatai Khan; and the Khanate of the Golden Horde, which would later include not just Russia but also Hungary and Poland. Each Khan sought to expand his own portion of the empire through further conquests. After all, a prophecy predicted that Genghis Khan and his offspring would one day rule all the people of the felt tents. Of course, they sometimes exceeded this mandate - nobody in Hungary or Poland actually lived a nomadic herding lifestyle. Nominally, at least, the other khans all answered to the Great Khan. In 1251, Ogedei died and his nephew Mongke, Genghiss grandson, became the Great Khan. Mongke Khan appointed his brother Hulagu to head the southwestern horde, the Ilkhanate. He charged Hulagu with the task of conquering the remaining Islamic empires of the Middle East and North Africa. In the Other Corner: The Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt While the Mongols were busy with their ever-expanding empire, the Islamic world was fighting off Christian Crusaders from Europe. The great Muslim general Saladin (Salah al-Din) conquered Egypt in 1169, founding the Ayyubid Dynasty. His descendants used increasing numbers of Mamluk soldiers in their internecine struggles for power. The Mamluks were an elite corps of warrior-slaves, mostly from Turkic or Kurdish Central Asia, but also including some Christians from the Caucasus region of south-eastern Europe. Captured and sold as young boys, they were carefully groomed for life as military men. Being a Mamluk became such an honor that some free-born Egyptians reportedly sold their sons into slavery so that they too could become Mamluks. In the tumultuous times surrounding the Seventh Crusade (which led to the capture of King Louis IX of France by the Egyptians), the Mamluks steadily gained power over their civilian rulers. In 1250, the widow of Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub married a Mamluk, Emir Aybak, who then became sultan. This was the beginning of the Bahri Mamluk Dynasty, which ruled Egypt until 1517. By 1260, when the Mongols began to threaten Egypt, the Bahri Dynasty was on its third Mamluk sultan, Saif ad-Din Qutuz. Ironically, Qutuz was Turkic (probably a Turkmen), and had become a Mamluk after he was captured and sold into slavery by the Ilkhanate Mongols. Prelude to the Show-down Hulagus campaign to subdue the Islamic lands began with an assault on the infamous Assassins or Hashshashin of Persia. A splinter group of the Ismaili Shia sect, the Hashshashin were based out of a cliff-side fortress called the Alamut, or Eagles Nest. On December 15, 1256, the Mongols captured Alamut and destroyed the power of the Hashshashin. Next, Hulagu Khan and the Ilkhanate army launched their assault on the Islamic heartlands proper with a siege on Baghdad, lasting from January 29 to February 10, 1258. At that time, Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid caliphate (the same dynasty that had battled the Chinese at Talas River in 751), and the center of the Muslim world. The caliph relied on his belief that the other Islamic powers would come to his aid rather than see Baghdad destroyed. Unfortunately for him, that did not happen. When the city fell, the Mongols sacked and destroyed it, slaughtering hundreds of thousands of civilians and burning down the Grand Library of Baghdad. The victors rolled the caliph inside a rug and trampled him to death with their horses. Baghdad, the flower of Islam, was wrecked. This was the fate of any city that resisted the Mongols, according to Genghis Khans own battle plans. In 1260, the Mongols turned their attention to Syria. After only a seven-day siege, Aleppo fell, and some of the population was massacred. Having seen the destruction of Baghdad and Aleppo, Damascus surrendered to the Mongols without a fight. The center of the Islamic world now drifted south to Cairo. Interestingly enough, during this time the Crusaders controlled several small coastal principalities in the Holy Land. The Mongols approached them, offering an alliance against the Muslims. The Crusaders erstwhile enemies, the Mamluks, also sent emissaries to the Christians offering an alliance against the Mongols. Discerning that the Mongols were a more immediate threat, the Crusader states opted to remain nominally neutral, but agreed to allow the Mamluk armies to pass unhindered through Christian-occupied lands. Hulagu Khan Throws Down the Gauntlet In 1260, Hulagu sent two envoys to Cairo with a threatening letter for the Mamluk sultan. It said, in part: To Qutuz the Mamluk, who fled to escape our swords. You should think of what happened to other countries and submit to us. You have heard how we have conquered a vast empire and have purified the earth of the disorders that tainted it. We have conquered vast areas, massacring all the people. Whither can you flee? What road will you use to escape us? Our horses are swift, our arrows sharp, our swords like thunderbolts, our hearts as hard as the mountains, our soldiers as numerous as the sand. In response, Qutuz had the two ambassadors sliced in half, and set their heads up on the gates of Cairo for all to see. He likely knew that this was the gravest possible insult to the Mongols, who practiced an early form of diplomatic immunity. Fate Intervenes Even as the Mongol emissaries were delivering Hulagus message to Qutuz, Hulagu himself received word that his brother Mongke, the Great Khan, had died. This untimely death set off a succession struggle within the Mongolian royal family. Hulagu had no interest in the Great Khanship himself, but he wanted to see his younger brother  Kublai  installed as the next Great Khan. However, the leader of the Mongol homeland, Toluis son Arik-Boke, called for a quick council (kuriltai) and had himself named Great Khan. As civil strife broke out between the claimants, Hulagu took the bulk of his army north to Azerbaijan, ready to join in the succession fight if necessary. The Mongolian leader left just 20,000 troops under the command of one of his generals, Ketbuqa, to hold the line in Syria and Palestine. Sensing that this was an opportunity not to be lost, Qutuz immediately gathered an army of roughly equal size and marched for Palestine, intent on crushing the Mongol threat. The Battle of Ayn Jalut On September 3, 1260, the two armies met at the  oasis  of Ayn Jalut (meaning The Eye of Goliath or Goliaths Well), in the Jezreel Valley of Palestine. The Mongols had the advantages of self-confidence and hardier horses, but the Mamluks knew the terrain better and had larger (thus faster) steeds. The Mamluks also deployed an early form of firearm, a sort of hand-held cannon, which frightened the Mongol horses. (This tactic cannot have surprised the Mongol riders themselves too greatly, however, since the Chinese had been using  gunpowder weapons  against them for centuries.) Qutuz used a classic Mongol tactic against Ketbuqas troops, and they fell for it. The Mamluks sent out a small portion of their force, which then feigned retreat, drawing the Mongols into an ambush. From the hills, Mamluk warriors poured down on three sides, pinning the Mongols in a withering cross-fire. The Mongols fought back throughout the morning hours, but finally the survivors began to retreat in disorder. Ketbuqa refused to flee in disgrace, and fought on until his horse either stumbled or was shot out from under him. The Mamluks captured the Mongol commander, who warned that they could kill him if they liked, but Be not deceived by this event for one moment, for when the news of my death reaches Hulagu Khan, the ocean of his wrath will boil over, and from Azerbaijan to the gates of Egypt will quake with the hooves of Mongol horses. Qutuz then ordered Ketbuqa beheaded. Sultan Qutuz himself did not survive to return to Cairo in triumph. On the way home, he was assassinated by a group of conspirators led by one of his generals, Baybars. Aftermath of the Battle of Ayn Jalut The Mamluks suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Ayn Jalut, but nearly the entire Mongol contingent was destroyed. This battle was a severe blow to the confidence and reputation of the hordes, which had never suffered such a defeat. Suddenly, they did not seem invincible. Despite the loss, however, the Mongols did not simply fold their tents and go home. Hulagu returned to Syria in 1262, intent on avenging Ketbuqa. However, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde had converted to Islam, and formed an alliance against his uncle Hulagu. He attacked Hulagus forces, promising revenge for the sacking of Baghdad. Although this war among the khanates drew off much of Hulagus strength, he continued to attack the Mamluks, as did his successors. The Ilkhanate Mongols drove towards Cairo in 1281, 1299, 1300, 1303 and 1312. Their only victory was in 1300, but it proved short-lived. Between each attack, the adversaries engaged in espionage, psychological warfare and alliance-building against one another. Finally, in 1323, as the fractious Mongol Empire began to disintegrate, the Khan of the Ilkhanids sued for a peace agreement with the Mamluks. A Turning-Point in History Why were the Mongols never able to defeat the Mamluks, after mowing through most of the known world? Scholars have suggested a number of answers to this puzzle. It may be simply that the internal strife among different branches of the Mongolian Empire prevented them from ever throwing enough riders against the Egyptians. Possibly, the greater professionalism and more advanced weapons of the Mamluks gave them an edge. (However, the Mongols had defeated other well-organized forces, such as the Song Chinese.) The most likely explanation may be that the environment of the Middle East defeated the Mongols. In order to have fresh horses to ride throughout a day-long battle, and also to have horse milk, meat and blood for sustenance, each Mongol fighter had a string of at least six or eight small horses. Multiplied by even the 20,000 troops that Hulagu left behind as a rear guard before Ayn Jalut, that is well over 100,000 horses. Syria and Palestine are famously parched. In order to provide water and fodder for so many horses, the Mongols had to press attacks only in the fall or spring, when the rains brought new grass for their animals to graze on. Even at that, they must have used a lot of energy and time finding grass and water for their ponies. With the bounty of the Nile at their disposal, and much shorter supply-lines, the Mamluks would have been able to bring grain and hay to supplement the sparse pastures of the Holy Land. In the end, it may have been grass, or the lack thereof, combined with internal Mongolian dissension, that saved the last remaining Islamic power from the Mongol hordes. Sources Reuven Amitai-Preiss.  Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Charles J. Halperin. The Kipchack Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut,  Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 63, No. 2 (2000), 229-245. John Joseph Saunders.  The History of the Mongol Conquests, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001). Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, et al.  A History of the Crusades: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005). John Masson Smith, Jr. Ayn Jalut: Mamluk Success or Mongol Failure?,  Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Dec., 1984), 307-345.

Global Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Corporations - Essay Example As entities, with a legal personality, similar to those granted to individuals, global corporations have rights that serve as protection under the law, but with a difference - unlike, individuals, they have virtually perpetual life span and with potential to own unlimited amount of money and resources. Thus, in the modern era, global corporations have been the force to reckon with its influence, not only the political and economic spheres but in the cultural and lifestyle aspirations of people across the planet. Indirectly, because of their clout, global corporations have influenced governments, especially developing nations to pursue policies that favor free markets and consumerism, which has resulted to the decline of services in the public sector. Export policies are encouraged, so that people who produce expensive goods at the expense of their cheap labor will never attain the buying power to afford these goods. On the other had, the local markets are flooded with cheap imports, especially food, that virtually kill local industries. In effect people, are constrained to think that it is better and wise to buy imported goods which are cheaper over locally produced ones, even if the imported goods do not pass stringent tests on quality and safety. In many countries, retail trade liberalization has paved the way for the entry of retail giants such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour to the detriment of small, homegrown retail stores. Moreover, tobacco multinationals such as Philip Morris have increasingly established presence in developing countries with little or no anti-tobacco laws, moving away from Western countries whose health lobbies have banned advertising on tobacco. In many developing countries, people are bombarded still with the cool image of Caucasians smoking on television long banned in Western countries, encouragi ng many young people to think that smoking is fun. Behind the march of free trade as espoused by global corporations, lies the competitive ethos which makes countries and individuals think and act alike as if what matters is that one should concentrate on a particular skill or advantage to be able to compete - similar to how companies operate to gain market share from their rivals. So if the current global marketplace, favors outsourcing, nations must drop other traditional industries and race to compete to gain a slice of the offshoring phenomenon. Similarly, when IT skills were the ones needed, individuals lost no time to get college degrees in computers in favor of other vocations, which are not as in demand in the marketplace. In both cases, the value is placed on the prospect of high income or money - both for the country and the individual. Because of their spread around the world, and their role in the transformation of labor markets, global corporations have influenced people to think that it is the pinnacle of an individual's career to work for a multinational. This has led people to work and relocate abroad, away from their own countries, or communities. Family, and other outside concerns are